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Wells Fargo Launches Passive Bitcoin Fund for Wealthy Clients

5 years 2 months ago

Wells Fargo on Thursday registered a private bitcoin fund with U.S. regulators, becoming the latest mega-bank with an indirect crypto investment vehicle for its wealthiest clients.

  • A source familiar with the matter told CoinDesk the new fund is passive, a break from earlier reports that Wells Fargo would pitch wealthy investors with an actively managed offering.
  • NYDIG and FS Investments are partnering with Wells Fargo on the offering, according to regulatory documents; the pair have worked together on bitcoin funds before. Wells Fargo gets a cut of sales through two subsidiaries.
  • The new fund, FS NYDIG Bitcoin Fund I, LP, did not have any sales as of Thursday.
  • JPMorgan’s passive bitcoin fund was also filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission Thursday. As CoinDesk previously reported, it is also a partnership with NYDIG.
  • Wells Fargo did not immediately provide a comment to CoinDesk.
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Poly Network Sends Bounty as Attacker Holds $141M Hostage

5 years 2 months ago

Poly Network, the China-based blockchain protocol exploited earlier this month for more than $600 million, said Thursday it had sent a bounty worth nearly $500,000 to the attacker and that most of the looted cryptocurrency has now been fully recovered. 

But the attacker apparently has yet to provide a key needed to unlock the remaining $141 million.

“There are users who are panicking that they might lose control of their assets, and we want to minimize the impact on them, so restoring our network and our users’ assets in a secure manner as quickly as possible is our top priority,” the Poly Network team wrote early Thursday in an email. 

Related: Custody Firm Anchorage Launches Governance Voting With DeFi Giant Aave

The latest twist in the saga that began with the Aug. 10 exploit comes a day after the attacker, identified in the Ethereum-blockchain explorer website Etherscan as “Poly Network Exploiter 1,” threatened to delay the return of the funds until at least next week.

The hack is considered the biggest-ever in decentralized finance, (DeFi) and has highlighted the risks for cryptocurrency traders of using experimental software protocols that haven’t been fully battle-tested. The transparency of blockchain data has turned the back-and-forth negotiations between the attacker and Poly Network team into a suspenseful drama playing out in public.   

Bounty of 160 ETH transferred

The attacker previously had returned most of the looted digital assets to a special wallet set up for the purpose but had withheld a key needed to release them back to the Poly Network. The tokens include the dollar-linked stablecoins USDC and dai.   

Late Wednesday, the Poly Network Exploiter 1 wallet address used a data field within a transaction on the Ethereum blockchain to send a message to the Poly Network team: “PLEASE BE PATIENT. JUST SIGNED TRANSACTIONS OF USDC & DAI A FEW HOUR AGO.” 

Related: Galaxy Digital Launches DeFi Index Tracker Fund

Meanwhile, the Poly Network team, in the email update on Thursday, pointed to a transaction record on Ethereum showing that some 160 units of the cryptocurrency ether, worth about $480,000 at current prices, had been sent to a wallet address identified as “Poly Network Exploiter 2.” A related transaction record shows that the 160 ETH had been withdrawn from the Binance exchange on Aug. 12. 

According to the email, the attacker, referred to by the Poly Network team as “Mr. White Hat,” has now returned assets worth about $427 million. Such assets include 96.9 million DAI “received today,” the team wrote. 

“We will convert the DAIs back to USDC to be used to recover the users’ assets, and we will compensate for any slippage loss incurred in the transactions with our own funds,” the email said. 

But a significant chunk of the funds has yet to be fully returned.

“There are still 28,953 ETH and 1,032 WBTC (about $141 million) left in 3/4 multi-signature wallets for which we await Mr. White Hat to provide his private key authorization,” the Poly Network team wrote. The wrapped bitcoin represents a version of bitcoin that’s been digitally retrofitted to move on the Ethereum blockchain.

About 33 million of the dollar-linked stablecoin tether is frozen, according to Poly Network. 

“Poly Network is actively communicating with Tether on how to deal with this USDT is also a serious and careful decision making process for Tether,” the Poly Network team wrote. “We are confident there will be a clear result soon, as we need this assets in order to perform full asset recovery.”

‘Mr. White Hat’

The attacker’s motives remain unknown. The term “white hat” is typically used to denote an attacker who scouts for bugs or loopholes in the underlying code with the intent of helping developers plug any vulnerabilities. Bounties are often paid to these hackers as a gratuity for their contributions to the security of the network or protocol. 

“Although we did not receive a positive response from Mr. White Hat, we still fulfilled our promise and credited 160 ETH (worth about $500,000) to the address Mr. White Hat had made public,” the Poly Network team wrote in the email. 

The Poly Network project is gradually restarting suspended operations, with full functionality restored for at least 31 assets including binance coin (BNB), uniswap and shiba inu coin (SHIB), according to the team. 

“We will still proactively stay in communication with Mr. White Hat,” Poly Network wrote in the email. “We believe that the sooner we assure him that Poly Network is recovering with security as the top priority, and in an organized manner, the sooner we can gain his trust and eventually obtain his private key.”

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Gelato Network Launches Whitelist for Token Offering

5 years 2 months ago

Gelato Network, an automated smart contract execution protocol, has opened the whitelist for its forthcoming token offering.

  • The sale of the GEL token will start Sept. 13, according to an email from Gelato Thursday.
  • The total supply of GEL tokens, which will be used for staking by node operators, is 420,690,000.
  • Parties interested in joining the whitelist are encouraged to enquire at Gelato’s website.
  • The protocol, which aims to harness a decentralized network of bots to automate and simplify smart contract executions, has been backed by several decentralized finance (DeFi) firms including Aragon and InstaDapp.
  • Gelato’s goal of turning manual operations into repeatable transactions executed without monitoring could be applied to processes such as payments of salaries and regular supplier bills. Once set up, they could be repeatedly consistently.
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Cross-Chain Protocol Chainflip Raises $6M to Fund Growth, Security Audits

5 years 2 months ago

Chainflip, a decentralized automated market maker-based protocol, closed a $6 million funding round led by Framework Ventures.

  • Other participating investors included ParaFi Capital, Distributed Global, Delphi Digital, Hypersphere Ventures, Coinbase Ventures, DeFi Alliance, Altonomy, Maven 11, Edenblock and Morningstar Ventures.
  • Founded in 2020, Chainflip allows swaps between different blockchains. The protocol is supported by Chainflip’s token, FLIP.
  • The funds will go toward Chainflip’s community development and user support, and to make “further progress around security audits, external communication campaigns,” it said.
  • They will also be used for building up internal operations while expanding Chainflip’s products and team, CEO Simon Harman said.

Read more: Framework Ventures’ DeFi Fund Booms as Tech Team Staffs Up

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Former SEC Chair Jay Clayton Joins Crypto Firm Fireblocks

5 years 2 months ago

Crypto custody provider Fireblocks has tapped former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chair Jay Clayton as a member of its board of advisors.

Clayton will work with Fireblocks on addressing market structure and customer needs, including support and deployment for the firm’s security technology, the company announced on Thursday. Clayton, who stepped down from his role at the SEC in December, is also on the board of Apollo Global Management and an adviser to One River Digital Asset Management.

Fireblocks provides software security solutions to custody digital assets, including multi-party computation (MPC) services. The company also provides tools to speed up or otherwise streamline digital asset transaction settlement.

Related: SEC Chairman Gensler Agrees With Predecessor: ‘Every ICO Is a Security’

The move comes a month after Fireblocks raised more than $300 million in a Series D funding round that valued the company at $2 billion. DRW, Sequoia Capital, Spark Capital, Stripes and Coatue participated in the funding round.

Fireblocks counts the digital bank Revolut, BNY Mellon and the yet-to-be-launched diem stablecoin as some of its high-profile clients.

A number of former top government officials have been taking on roles in the digital asset sector since returning to private life. Former Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Chair Chris Giancarlo became an adviser to both the Chamber of Digital Commerce and BlockFi, and is one of the leaders of the Digital Dollar Foundation.

Some of those post-public service roles have turned out to have been short-lived. Former Acting Comptroller of the Currency Brian Brooks briefly served as Binance.US’s chief executive, while former SEC Director of Trading and Markets Brett Redfearn spent a few months at Coinbase.

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Galaxy Digital Launches DeFi Index Tracker Fund

5 years 2 months ago

Galaxy Digital, the listed cryptocurrency trading firm run by Mike Novogratz, has launched a decentralized finance (DeFi) index fund, a passively managed vehicle that tracks the performance of the newly launched Bloomberg Galaxy DeFi Index.

Announced Thursday, the Galaxy DeFi Index Fund seeks to provide institutional investors access to returns based on the performance of DeFi tokens. It offers exposure to major decentralized lending and exchange platforms like Uniswap, Aave, Maker, Yearn and others.

The fund is seeded by NZ Funds, a wealth management firm that manages over $2 billion of New Zealanders’ savings. (The amount being contributed to the DeFi index fund was not made public.)

Institutional DeFi?

Related: Poly Network Sends Bounty as Attacker Holds $141M Hostage

Explosive yields being created on cryptocurrencies and stablecoins placed on decentralized lending platforms have caught the attention of institutions, but many are unsure or skittish about getting direct exposure to the experimental DeFi world. 

As such, an index fund tracking a benchmark backed by heavyweight names like Galaxy Digital and Bloomberg is an attractive proposition.

The constituents represented in the Bloomberg Galaxy DeFi Index are selected based on institutional trading and custody readiness in the United States, as well as quality of pricing, according to a press statement. 

Each constituent will represent no more than 40% of the index and no less than 1% of the overall value. DeFi protocols will be considered for addition or removal on a monthly basis, according to investor documents. 

Related: Custody Firm Anchorage Launches Governance Voting With DeFi Giant Aave

As of Aug. 1, 2021, the index consisted of the following assets and weightings: 

  • 40% UNI
  • 18% AAVE
  • 12.7% MKR
  • 10% COMP
  • 5.4% YFI
  • 5% SNX
  • 4.3% SUSHI
  • 1.8% UMA

“The blockchain-based infrastructure behind DeFi is maturing at an accelerating rate and clear examples of how this new technology can disrupt financial services are emerging in real-time,” said Steve Kurz, Galaxy Digital’s head of asset management. “Our unique DeFi Index Fund provides investors with institutional-grade exposure to the future of financial services.”

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Custody Firm Anchorage Launches Governance Voting With DeFi Giant Aave

5 years 2 months ago

Regulated cryptocurrency custody firm Anchorage is offering blockchain governance voting services, starting with decentralized finance (DeFi) major Aave.

Institutions and token holders can use Anchorage’s governance portal to participate in on-chain governance decisions critical to the Aave lending protocol. The system uses a separate voting key so that digital assets can remain safely in storage, the companies said Thursday.

Moving cryptocurrencies, especially from “cold” or offline storage, to online “hot” wallets, creates risk. Bringing offline digital assets on-chain in order to vote has been viewed as cumbersome and risky by many institutions holding governance tokens, despite the growing desire to participate in changes to a protocol, such as setting risk parameters, proposing upgrades and the like.  

Related: Poly Network Sends Bounty as Attacker Holds $141M Hostage

“Today we see large venture firms and crypto funds that are very active in the communities proposing changes to the protocol and using their own governance tokens to vote,” Anchorage co-founder Diogo Mónica said in an interview, adding:

“That’s something you didn’t really see a year and a half ago. There was value to holding these tokens, but people were just storing them in custody.”

Anchorage is starting with Aave but the broader selling point to the institutional DeFi market is the ability to have secure governance participation without exposing the keys themselves, he said.

“A lot of these protocols are following this process by which you can have one private key that holds the tokens and then another that is used for voting,” Mónica said. “We can delegate to some other key the ability to vote on these protocols. It’s a generalized capability that Anchorage has that’s going to be mimicked on many protocols.” 

Related: Galaxy Digital Launches DeFi Index Tracker Fund

With over $14 billion in total locked value (TVL), Aave currently tops the leaderboard of DeFi platforms, according to DeFi Pulse.

“Democratizing access to Aave governance is key, and now more institutions will be able to participate in important protocol-level decisions thanks to Anchorage,” Aave founder Stani Kulechov said in a statement.

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Crypto Exchange Apifiny to Launch New Platform in Fourth Quarter

5 years 2 months ago

Apifiny, a crypto exchange that plans to go public later this year, is introducing a new “hybrid” digital asset exchange in the fourth quarter.

  • The New York-based crypto exchange said the platform, Apifiny HEX, has launched a VIP early access program that will give eligible traders no-fee trading for life on order-book trades.
  • To be eligible, investors must have an approved Apifiny HEX account and meet a minimum trading volume condition through Sept. 30. Investors must also be compliant with the firm’s anti-money laundering policies and procedures.
  • Apifiny, which considers itself an “exchange of exchanges,” said the early access program will give investors the opportunity to experience the service before the official public release later this year.
  • Traders can join the program by entering their details through the new platform by Sept. 30. The rules can be found here. 
  • Apifiny said the HEX platform is designed with “zero taker fees” and predictable automated market makers (AMM) liquidity that can be accessed through a single order book.
  • In February, Apifiny announced its intention to go public by the end of 2021.
  • More recently the firm hired Erez Simha as chief financial officer and president to lead it through the public listing. 
  • “As we accelerate toward our public offering, Apifiny HEX is an important milestone toward capturing a huge global, digital asset trading market opportunity,” CEO Haohan Xu said.

Read more: Crypto Exchange Apifiny Hires New President, Inches Towards Public Listing

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Hive Blockchain Appoints Fortress Blockchain Founder as Chief Operations Officer

5 years 2 months ago

Hive Blockchain, a publicly traded crypto mining company, said it appointed Aydin Kilic, who founded Fortress Blockchain, as president and chief operations officer.

  • Kilic will oversee Hive’s operations across its data centers in Canada, Iceland and Sweden, the company announced Thursday.
  • Hive said that with his experience as CEO of bitcoin miner Fortress Blockchain, Kilic will give Hive a comprehensive understanding of Canadian securities laws and exchange rules governing publicly traded crypto mining companies. Kilic founded Fortress Blockchain in 2017.
  • Fortress formed a partnership with Great American Mining earlier this year to launch an environmentally conscious venture converting stranded gas into mining power.
  • Hive said that it sources only green energy to mine on the cloud and that it’s the first crypto mining company with an environmental, social and governance (ESG) strategy.
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Bitcoin Declines; Approaching Lower Support at $42K

5 years 2 months ago

Bitcoin (BTC) sellers were active over the past few days as short-term overbought signals appeared on the charts. The world’s largest cryptocurrency was trading around $44,000 support at press time and is down about 2% over the past 24 hours.

The next level of support is seen at the $42,000 breakout level, which could stabilize the pullback.

  • The relative strength index (RSI) is approaching oversold levels on the four-hour chart, similar to August 3, which preceded a price bounce.
  • On the daily chart, the RSI is neutral after reaching overbought levels over the past two weeks.
  • Bitcoin will need to remain above $40,000-$42,000 in order to resume  the uptrend towards $50,000-$55,000.
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DeFi Not Immune to SEC Oversight, Gensler Says: Report

5 years 2 months ago

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Gary Gensler warned that decentralized finance (DeFi) projects aren’t immune to oversight by the markets’ regulator.

  • DeFi projects have features that make them look like the type of entities regulated by the SEC, Gensler said in an interview Wednesday with the Wall Street Journal.
  • Even though they are decentralized, with no central entity in charge, DeFi projects that reward participants with incentives or digital tokens could enter territory that is subject to SEC regulation, he said.
  • “There’s still a core group of folks that are not only writing the software, like the open-source software, but they often have governance and fees,” Gensler said. “There’s some incentive structure for those promoters and sponsors in the middle of this.”

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Justin Sun’s Weibo Account Among 7 That Seem to Be Blocked

5 years 2 months ago

Seven blockchain and crypto-related accounts on China’s Weibo messaging app, including that of Tron founder Justin Sun, appear to have been blocked.

  • Chinese website 8BTC reported the news Thursday, noting seven verified accounts had been deactivated on the Twitter-like platform. The list included influencers such as Sun and news source BeatleNews.
  • CoinDesk has confirmed that the seven accounts have been deactivated. A message saying they violated platform rules greets visitors. Censors don’t normally announce which accounts have been banned.
  • In China, what started as a crackdown on crypto mining in May has extended into trading and media.
  • CoinWorld, a Chinese news website and app, announced its closure on July 15, saying it was following guidance from the People’s Bank of China.
  • Regulators and state media have condemned what they called speculation in crypto markets.
  • On June 5, a dozen crypto influencers’ Weibo accounts were blocked, following a March ban on crypto exchanges.
  • Sun’s account was banned from Weibo back in 2019, along with Binance co-founder Yi He.
  • The Tron founder has fostered his relationship with authorities by joining a research project at the Communist Party’s top university.
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Binance Extends Restrictions on Derivatives Offering in Australia

5 years 2 months ago

Crypto exchange Binance has continued its shift to a proactive compliance standpoint by extending restrictions on derivatives trading to users in Australia.

  • Effectively immediately, Australian users will not be able to open new accounts for options, margin products and leveraged tokens, Binance announced Thursday.
  • The announcement extends existing restrictions effective Aug. 7 that prevented users from opening new futures accounts.
  • The move is the latest by Binance to address regulatory and compliance concerns proactively, in response to intense scrutiny from regulators around the world that the exchange has been subjected to in recent months.
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Japan’s Liquid Exchange Hacked, $74M in Crypto Siphoned Off

5 years 2 months ago

Japan’s Liquid exchange has just been hacked.

  • According to a tweet on Thursday, the exchange said its warm wallets were compromised and that it was consequently moving digital assets offline.
  • While the total amount stolen is yet to be determined The Block reported Thursday the value of bitcoin, ether, XRP, and tron could be upwards of $74 million.
  • According to the Ethereum block explorer, millions of ERC20 altcoins have also been taken including uniswap, rfox, and enjincoin, among others.
  • “We are currently investigating and will provide regular updates,” the exchange said. “In the meantime, deposits and withdrawals will be suspended.”
  • Crypto exchange KuCoin’s CEO, Johnny Lyu, said his platform was aware of the incident and had blacklisted the hacker’s wallet addresses. Other exchanges are likely to follow suit.

This story is developing and will be updated accordingly.

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Nvidia Q2 Revenue Jumps 68% but Crypto-Related Earnings Fall Short of Expectation

5 years 2 months ago

Graphics card producer Nvidia saw its Q2 revenues jump 68% compared to the same period a year ago, largely due to the record performance of its gaming, data center, and professional visualization platforms.

  • Nvidia posted revenue of $6.5 billion for the quarter, the company said in earnings made public Wednesday. Net income stood at around $2.37 billion for the same period.
  • To combat the global shortage supply of its cards Nvidia announced the rollout of its Cryptocurrency Mining Processors in February, specifically targeting crypto miners.
  • While sales of its graphics processing units have helped drive revenues, Nvidia fell short of its forecast of generating $400 million in the quarter from mining-related cards. Sales of Nvidia’s crypto mining-related products totaled $266 million, the company reported.
  • Revenue from its data center and professional visualization platforms rose 35% and 156% respectively compared to the same period a year prior, while its gaming revenue increased 85%.
  • The company’s share price fell 2.15% on Wednesday to around $190.40 per share.
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Coinbase Names Mitsubishi UFJ as Banking Partner in Exchange’s Japanese Expansion

5 years 2 months ago

U.S. cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase is partnering with one of Japan’s largest banks to launch Coinbase Japan as part of a larger effort to expand worldwide. The move into Japan follows a greenlight from the country’s financial regulators, who have looked sternly at the crypto industry in recent years.

According to a blog post on Wednesday, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), a bank with over 40 million Japanese customers, will provide “MUFG Quick Deposit” for Coinbase’s local users.

No further information on the deposit product was provided.

Related: Japan’s Liquid Exchange Hacked, $74M in Crypto Siphoned Off

Japanese customers using Coinbase will have the option to buy bitcoin, ether, stellar, litecoin, and bitcoin cash, with other listings to follow, CoinDesk previously reported. An exact date of the Coinbase Japan launch has not yet been given.

The move follows the Nasdaq-listed exchange’s subsidiary registering with the Financial Services Agency (FSA), the country’s financial watchdog, on June 18. Coinbase said its partnership with the bank was a bid to become the country’s “most trusted exchange” that is “fully compliant.”

Japan’s financial regulatory regime as it relates to the crypto industry is strict. The hardline from regulators stems from the fallout of a number of exchange hacks that have occurred within the country over the years, including Coincheck in 2017.

Following the hacks, the FSA and self-regulatory rules promoted by the Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association have only increased in scope, scrutiny and intensity. Others, such as Kraken, left the country in 2018 citing rising costs as a result of red tape.

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Bitcoin Use Will Be ‘Totally Optional’ in El Salvador, Finance Minister Says

5 years 2 months ago

The use of bitcoin and a digital wallet in El Salvador will be “totally optional,” and businesses that do not accept the cryptocurrency will not be sanctioned, El Salvador’s finance minister Alejandro Zelaya said Tuesday. 

In a televised interview during the program Frente a Frente hosted by journalist Moisés Urbina, Zelaya said that the dollar will remain as the main currency of reference in the country, and will be the one which businesses, the government and all others will use for their accounting. 

Zelaya’s comments contradicted article 7 of the bitcoin law passed in June, which stipulated that bitcoin must be accepted as a form of payment by “every economic agent.”

Related: Market Wrap: Bitcoin Trades Sideways as Institutional Demand Expected to Rise

Asked whether it was necessary to eliminate that article, Zelaya asked why and did not expand on the subject. 

El Salvador’s Central Bank did not clarify matters on Tuesday in a consultative draft with technical standards to facilitate the application of the bitcoin law. The draft stated that the institutions obliged to comply with these standards will be banks, cooperative banks and savings and credit societies “interested” in providing the service of convertibility of dollars and bitcoin and vice versa. 

In another document, entitled Guidelines for the Authorization of the Operation of the Digital Wallet Platform for Bitcoin and Dollars, the Central Bank of El Salvador stipulates that wallets will need to implement know-your-customer policies. 

“Clients of the digital wallet may be individuals and legal entities resident or not in the country that comply with the requirements and standards of know your customer and prevention of money and asset laundering, financing of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction,” the document stated, adding that those requirements will be “established following the technical norms issued by the Central Bank for these purposes and the international treaties and conventions issued in this regard.”

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¿Qué es un token cripto semifungible?

5 years 2 months ago

La fungibilidad ha sido un tema constante en 2021, tras el ascenso meteórico de los tokens no fungibles (NFTs, por sus siglas en inglés). Pero, ¿qué pasa con los tokens semifungibles y cómo funcionan?

El interés en torno a los NFTs alcanzó niveles asombrosos en la primera mitad de este año. Los datos de NonFungible mostraron que las ventas de estos tokens se dispararon a más de $2.400 millones en el primer trimestre de este año, 20 veces más que en los tres meses anteriores. Ese impulso no ha mostrado signos de ralentización en lo que va de la segunda mitad del año: el principal mercado de NFT basado en Ethereum, OpenSea, experimentó un volumen de operaciones récord de $49 millones el 1 de agosto, por encima de su volumen medio diario de operaciones, de $8,3 millones. El precio medio de CryptoPunks —una de las primeras colecciones de NFT que debutaron en la blockchain de Ethereum— también estableció un récord durante el mismo mes, de 66.919 ETH por NFT (unos $220.000 al cierre de esta edición).

Read this article in English.

Related: How Much Energy Does Bitcoin Use?

El crecimiento explosivo ha generado una nueva ola de innovación en torno a los activos no fungibles, incluida la aparición de un nuevo tipo de token semifungible (SFT) que comienza siendo fungible y finalmente se convierte en no fungible. Comencemos a desglosar estos términos.

Tokens fungibles

La mayoría de los criptoactivos que los inversores controlan y negocian regularmente son fungibles; es decir, son fácilmente intercambiables. Por ejemplo, si dos personas intercambiaran un ether por otro no habría pérdida de valor y ninguna de las partes saldría perdiendo. Esto se debe a que no hay distinción de valor entre dos ether o dos bitcoins (excluyendo las monedas conocidas como “contaminadas” o “sucias”, las cuales han sido robadas o utilizadas en actividades ilícitas).

El dinero fiduciario, como los dólares estadounidenses, también es fungible. En otras palabras, un token es fungible cuando tiene la capacidad de ser intercambiado o sustituido por otros tokens del mismo tipo sin que su valor sufra una modificación. 

Tokens no fungibles

Los NFTs son tokens basados en blockchain que pueden utilizarse para representar la propiedad digital de algo único y escaso, como obras de arte, objetos de colección, bandas sonoras o real estate virtual. Dado que cada artículo tiene un valor distinto basado en características inherentes —quién lo creó o su rareza, por ejemplo—, los NFTs no pueden intercambiarse mutuamente como el ether o los dólares estadounidenses. Por ejemplo, una tarjeta de béisbol digital no podría intercambiarse por una parcela de tierra virtual, ya que los dos son activos completamente diferentes. Eso, sin tener en cuenta que la tarjeta de béisbol digital podría formar parte de una colección excepcionalmente rara, mientras que la parcela de terreno virtual podría estar en una ubicación no deseada.

Related: NFT Trading Surges 8X as Penguins, Apes Drive New Boom

El hecho de que los NFTs se almacenen en una cadena de bloques significa que cada token tiene las siguientes características:

  • Indivisible: no es posible comprar fracciones de NFTs. 
  • Indestructible: no pueden ser destruidos o eliminados. 
  • Inmutable: es imposible cambiar la información subyacente una vez almacenada. 
  • Verificable: como los NFTs se almacenan en blockchains públicas, la autenticidad y la propiedad pueden ser fácilmente verificadas por cualquier persona en cualquier momento. 
¿Qué son los tokens semifungibles?

Los SFTs representan un grupo relativamente nuevo de tokens que pueden ser tanto fungibles como no fungibles durante su ciclo de vida. Inicialmente, los SFTs actúan como los tokens fungibles normales en el sentido de que pueden negociarse de igual a igual con otros SFTs idénticos. 

Por ejemplo, un token que representa un vale válido de $10 de Amazon tendría el mismo valor que un vale idéntico con la misma fecha de caducidad y, por tanto, sería intercambiable. 

El factor distintivo que hace que estos tipos especiales de tokens sean semi-fungibles es que, una vez canjeados, los tokens fungibles pierden su valor nominal. Esa pérdida de valor intercambiable hace que los tokens caducados no sean fungibles.

Otra forma de entenderlo es imaginando que se posee una ficha que representa una entrada para el último concierto de los Beatles. La entrada tendría un valor nominal y podría cambiarse por otra idéntica, siempre que se tratara del mismo grupo musical, en la misma fecha y en la misma zona de asientos. Una vez finalizado el concierto, la ficha que representa la entrada se convertiría en un objeto de colección y tendría un valor totalmente nuevo. También significaría que la ficha ya no podría cambiarse por una entrada de concierto válida del mismo valor nominal inicial para ver a una banda diferente. 

Ese proceso de transformación de un token fungible a uno no fungible al canjearlo es el que da nombre a los semi fungibles.

Cómo crearlos

Hoy en día es posible acuñar SFTs utilizando el estándar ERC-1155 de Ethereum. Se trata de uno de los varios estándares de tokens de Ethereum; es decir, planos para crear tokens en la blockchain de Ethereum que son compatibles con todos los demás proyectos basados en el ERC.

El estándar ERC-1155 fue desarrollado por los desarrolladores de juegos de blockchain Enjin, Horizon Games y The Sandbox en 2017, y es esencialmente una combinación de los estándares ERC-20 (token fungible) y ERC-721 (token no fungible). Esto permite crear y gestionar tanto tokens fungibles como no fungibles mediante un único contrato inteligente, un programa informático que se autoejecuta cuando se dan determinadas condiciones.

Los SFTs son especialmente útiles en el sector de los juegos, donde hay elementos fungibles como la moneda de un juego —lingotes de oro o V-Bucks, por ejemplo— así como artículos no fungibles, como coleccionables y armas. Esto significa que las empresas de juegos pueden crear ambos tipos de tokens y asegurarse de que sean interoperables para que los jugadores puedan intercambiar fácilmente cosas como armas por lingotes de oro, y viceversa

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Poly Network Attacker Threatens to Delay Return of Funds

5 years 2 months ago

The hacker who carried out a $600-million-plus exploit on the blockchain protocol Poly Network has threatened to delay the full return of funds until at least next week.

“YOUR ESSAYS ARE VERY CONVINCING WHILE YOUR ACTIONS ARE SHOWING YOUR DISTRUST, WHAT A FUNNY GAME,” the attacker, identified on the blockchain-tracking website Etherscan as “Poly Network Exploiter 1,” wrote Wednesday in a transaction data field on the Ethereum blockchain. 

The saga has already dragged into its second week, as executives behind the project plead with the attacker to return the looted funds from the Aug 10 attack. They have created a destination account for the return of the funds, but it requires multiple signatures to unlock the funds, and the attacker’s cooperation is needed.

Related: DeFi-Powered Social Token Site Rally Submits Plan to Decentralize Itself

“I AM NOT READY TO PUBLISH THE KEY IN THIS WEEK,” the attacker wrote. 

In what appeared to be a reply, a subsequent message posted on Ethereum and signed “Poly Network Team” said that “we still hope you can provide the key to us this week, because thousands of users are waiting to get their assets back.”

“The sooner the asset recovery can be carried out, the more negative emotions will be avoided,” the message read. “We are unlikely to get a proper rest until we fully return the user assets.”

The Polygon Network negotiators have referred to the attacker as “Mr. White Hat” – ostensibly a reference to a  “white hat” attacker who tries to exploit vulnerabilities in a protocol to help expose and ultimately fix bugs or loopholes in the underlying code. 

Bounty paid in ETH?

Related: Avalanche’s AVAX Token Jumps on $180M Incentive Program

They have also promised to send the attacker a $500,000 bounty for helping to identify a vulnerability in the protocol.

And in the message on Wednesday, the Poly Network Team address wrote that “we still decided to go ahead and transfer 160 ETH” to an address associated with the attacker. The dollar equivalent of 160 units of ether (ETH) works out to roughly $500,000. 

But as of press time, CoinDesk could not independently confirm that such a transfer had been made. 

Poly Network officials did not immediately reply to a request for comment on the latest blockchain banter. 

The transparency of blockchain data has turned the back-and-forth negotiations between the attacker and Poly Network team into a surprisingly suspenseful drama playing out in public.

As reported previously by CoinDesk, bystanding cryptocurrency users have sent dozens of complimentary messages to the attacker pleading for a share of the loot, and some of them have even used the Ethereum blockchain to send small increments of cryptocurrency as tips. 

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Market Wrap: Bitcoin Trades Sideways as Institutional Demand Expected to Rise

5 years 2 months ago

Bitcoin is roughly flat over the past 24 hours as short-term momentum fades. The past few days have been relatively quiet in the crypto market, which typically precedes periods of higher volatility. Some analysts expect crypto prices to consolidate, albeit with the continued relative outperformance of altcoins such as ether and cardano. 

Bitcoin, the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market cap, was trading at around $45,400 at press time and is up 55% year to date, compared with a 19% return for the S&P 500 and a 30% return in commodities over the same period.

Latest prices

Cryptocurrencies:

  • Bitcoin (BTC) $44,888, -0.98%
  • Ether (ETH) $3026.5, -2.31%

Related: Bitcoin Use Will Be ‘Totally Optional’ in El Salvador, Finance Minister Says

Traditional markets:

  • S&P 500: 4400.3, -1.07%
  • Gold: $1785.3, -0.03%
  • 10-year Treasury yield closed at 1.272%, compared with 1.262% on Tuesday

Analysts are also watching institutional flows throughout the crypto market. A review of regulatory documents reveals that a parade of megabanks, including Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, Citigroup and Bank of America, and even states such as Tennessee, have told securities regulators they held Coinbase stock (NASDAQ: COIN) on June 30, reports CoinDesk’s Danny Nelson.

But not all investors are dedicated to their crypto holdings. Cathie Wood’s ARK Invest continued to reduce its holdings of COIN and the Grayscale Investment Trust (GBTC) in the past week, according to Chainchatter and Wu Blockchain. Wood is a noted crypto investor. Grayscale is owned by Digital Currency Group, CoinDesk’s parent company.

Crypto could attract a wall of institutional money, says LMAX CEO

Large institutions are warming up to cryptocurrencies and will demand more robust trading infrastructure. “There is a wall of institutional money, and we could see exciting new entrants into the custodian, credit intermediation, and aggregation space,” David Mercer, CEO of LMAX Group, a global institutional exchange, said in an interview. 

Related: VanEck Adds to ETF Applications With Ether Futures Filing

“Forty percent of our digital-asset clients also trade FX (foreign exchange) and 34 of the world’s biggest banks connect with us,” Mercer said. 

LMAX Digital is an institutional cryptocurrency exchange operated by LMAX Group.

Mercer stated that some institutional clients have increased their exposure to crypto from a minority holding to a majority holding. And although altcoins are popular, Mercer does not see ether taking over bitcoin in the near-term.

Institutions face risks with crypto that are different from traditional foreign exchange markets, according to Mercer. For example, “capturing differences in spot prices is very capital intensive and institutions are trading with a lot of unknown counterparties, including exchanges,” Mercer said. 

The reliability of technology, depth of liquidity and execution are some important factors that institutions consider when selecting a trading venue, according to a LMAX Digital survey. 

In general, Mercer is bullish on cryptocurrencies and expects the total market cap to increase by  $5 trillion within the next two years with major financial institutions paying more attention to the field. The total market cap of cryptocurrencies stands at $1.93 trillion, according to CoinMarketCap.

“For me it’s a no-brainer that that amount of money will enter the crypto space, and is looking for a home, and looking for assets to invest in. When one bulge-bracket bank starts trading actively for their clients, the others will follow,” Mercer said.

Crypto adoption shifts to emerging markets

Crypto adoption has increased 23-fold globally over the past year with India, Pakistan, Ukraine and other emerging markets driving the surge, Chainalysis said in a report Wednesday, as CoinDesk’s Muyao Shen reports.

In its “2021 Global Crypto Adoption Index,” Chainalysis found that Chinese and U.S. positions as crypto adoption leaders have been waning amid the Chinese crackdown on crypto trading and the growing role of major financial institutions in crypto markets.

The annual study underscores that crypto adoption is accelerating quickly worldwide and that its use is shifting to markets that not long ago were more moderately active on the crypto front. Meanwhile, those markets that were previously at the forefront are confronting big changes with regulations and financial services.

Instead of measuring crypto trading volume, which favors countries with high levels of professional and institutional adoption, Chainalysis focused on blockchain activity by non-professional and individual crypto users. That methodology encompasses crypto adoption in more ordinary activities, including savings, rather than just trading and speculation.

Bitcoin dominance decline

The market dominance of bitcoin, or the largest cryptocurrency’s value as a share of the overall market, declined to 44% over the past week. The relative market cap loss occurred as altcoins such as ether and cardano outperformed bitcoin during the recent crypto rally. 

“Despite bitcoin and ether’s excellent performance this year, neither asset is anywhere close to cardano’s return,” Alexandra Clark, a sales trader at U.K.-based digital asset broker GlobalBlock, wrote in an email to CoinDesk. Cardano is up about 65% month to date, compared with a 21% rise in ETH and a 14% rise in BTC over the same period.

Clark sees future potential for cardano driven by network upgrades. 

“Cardano’s Alonzo mainnet hard fork, which is scheduled for Sept. 12 and is one of the most anticipated events in the crypto calendar, will help cardano compete on equal terms with Ethereum,” Clark wrote. “Cardano will tackle one of the asset’s biggest deficiencies by allowing users to run smart contracts on the network.”

Slowdown in money supply

The slowdown in global money supply could weigh on bitcoin, according to Stifel, a global investment bank. Global central banks are preparing to tighten policy as unprecedented amounts of fiscal and monetary stimulus is absorbed in the economy. And with some asset prices running high, analysts at Stifel expect a repricing of speculative markets such as cryptocurrencies. 

On Wednesday, minutes from the July Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting showed most Fed officials expected to scale down easy money policies this year. 

Altcoin roundup
  • Avalanche’s AVAX Token Jumps: Avalanche’s AVAX token surged Wednesday after the blockchain announced plans for a $180 million “liquidity mining incentive program” to scale in decentralized finance, or DeFi. The token was up by 18.8% in the last 24 hours at press time, trading at $26.9. The price has more than doubled in the past month, according to data from Messari. The Avalanche Foundation said in a press release the DeFi incentive program titled “Avalanche Rush” will bring top DeFi applications to the platform, including Aave and Curve.
  • White hats defused a potential $350M heist on SushiSwap: A group of people in the crypto community, led by crypto investment firm Paradigm’s research partner, Sam Sun, may have just prevented SushiSwap’s token fundraising platform Miso from losing more than $350 million worth of ether after the group discovered and fixed a bug on the platform in less than five hours. Because of the collective efforts, SushiSwap says no funds have been lost. According to a post published by SushiSwap on Monday, Sun and his colleagues Georgios Konstantopoulos and Daniel Robinson – all from San Francisco-based crypto investment firm Paradigm – reached out to the team at Sushi to alert them to “a vulnerability” on the “Dutch auction” contract on the Miso platform.
  • Rally submits plan to decentralize itself: Social token startup Rally has submitted a proposal to decentralize itself into an array of entities – some corporate, other community controlled – that would independently build out the Rally ecosystem. The road map would see the crypto-based “creator coin” platform split up into a venture studio, an Asia-based outpost, a Swiss nonprofit, a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and a Delaware-based corporation that would carry the Rally name.
Relevant news: Other markets

Most digital assets on CoinDesk 20 ended up lower on Wednesday.

Notable winners of 21:00 UTC (4:00 p.m. ET):

cardano (ADA) +2.78%

Notable losers:

filecoin (FIL) -8%

aave (AAVE) -7.79%

uniswap (UNI) -7.7%

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